Human Resources Constructive-Dismissal Report Essay Example for Free

Human Resources Constructive-Dismissal Report Essay Message It has come to my unfortunate attention that a former employee has made a discrimation-focused legal claim against our company. My goal is to define â€Å"constructive dismissal†; explain the legal mandates to which it may be attributed; discuss the merits—or lack—of it; and offer future mitigative actions to avoid such claims. Constructive Dismissal—Defined Before delving into a serious discussion of the former employee’s claim, it is important to understand the legal construct upon which it has been founded; this construct is referred to as â€Å"constructive dismissal. † Constructive dismiissal refers to an employee compulsion to terminate any working relationships with an employer. The impetus for the termination is an employer’s willful intent to create a hostile or unbearable working condition. Legally speaking, constructive dismissal is, then, tantamount to involuntarily separating the employee from the company (United States Department of Labor, 2012). There are three standards that must be considered when adjudicating whether a situation falls within constructive-dismissal grounds. They are 1. Intolerable Conditions 2. Objective Standard 3. Employer Knowledge and Intent The adjective in the first standard is important, because it makes the distinction between undue working conditions that are unbearable for a reasonable person and a process change that may be inconvenient for the  employee but is not intolerable. Trival matters such as changing a computer from a PC to a Mac, are exmempt from this standard, since these frustrations are a normative in all areas of employment. The second standard establishes a consensus on what is considered intolerable. It is defined as a work environment in which a reasonable person would feel compelled to quit. The third standard is also important, because it clearly indicates that the employer must know that changes that it is implementing create an intolerable environment, and it does so with the intent of compelling an employee to quit as opposed to implementing changes that are motivated by a substantiated business need (Turner v. Anheuser-Busch, Inc., 1994). Please note that constructive dismissal does not necessarily imply discrimination (though it is almost always discrimination based), since it can apply to both those in a protected class or outside it. The ex-employee charges that the schedule change for the production department was an unreasonable action on the company’s part and resulted in her being forced to work on a holy day of her religious persuasion. Resultantly, she charges that she felt compelled to quit, which is why she has filed a constructive-discharge claim against the company. Constructive-Dismissal and Attendant Legal Mandates More than just creating such a toxic environment, when the working condition creates an undue effect based on the employee’s race, ethnicity, gender, national origin, or religion. the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act applies and sets forth: â€Å"(1) to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such indviduals’race, color, religion, sex, or national origin; or â€Å"(2) to limit, segregate, or classify his employees or applicants for employment in any way which woulld deprive or tend to deprive any individual of employment opportunities or otherwise adversely affect his status as an employee, because of such individual’s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin† (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2012). An amalgamation of undue effect and discrimination of a protected class engenders â€Å"disparate impact† (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2012) Employment separation due to disparate impact explicitly applies to the following sections of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The onus of proof is placed on the claimant. This person must do the following:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"(i) a complaining party demonstrates that a respondent uses a particular employment practice that causes a disparate impact on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin and the respondent fails to demonstrate that the challenged practice is job related for the position in question and consistent with business necessity; or â€Å"(ii) the complaining party makes the demonstration described in subparagraph (C) with respect to an alternative employment practice and the respondent refuses to adopt such alternative employment practice. â€Å"(B) (i) With respect to demonstrating that a particular employment practice causes a disparate impact as described in subparagraph (A)(i), the complaining party shall demonstrate that each particular challenged employment practice causes a disparate impact, except that if the complaining party can demonstrate to the court that the elements of a respondent’s decisionmaking process are not capable of separation for analysis, the decisionmaking process may be analyzed as one employment practice. â€Å"(ii) If the respondent demonstrates that a specific employment practice does not cause the disparate impact, the respondent shall not be required to demonstrate that such practice is required by business necessity. â€Å"(C) The demonstration referred to by subparagraph (A)(ii) shall be in accordance with the law as it existed on June 4, 1989, with respect to the concept of â€Å"alternative employment practice†. â€Å"(2) A demonstration that an employment practice is required by business necessity may not be used as a defense against a claim of intentional discrimination under this subchapter. â€Å"(3) Notwithstanding any other provision of this subchapter, a rule barring the employment of an individual who currently and knowingly uses or possesses a controlled substance, as defined in schedules I and II of section 102(6) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 802(6)), other than the use or possession of a drug taken under the supervision of a licensed health care professional, or any other use or possession authorized by the Controlled Substances Act [21 U.S.C. 801 et seq.] or any other provision of Federal law, shall be considered an unlawful employment practice under this subchapter only if such rule is adopted or applied with an intent to discriminate because of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin† (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2012). Although constructive dismissal is not directly referred to in the Civil Rights Act, it is clearly implied, since such a dismissal normally is directed at protected classes of individuals. When combined with disparate impact, constructive dismissal will fall under the purview of the Civil Right Act, and both are legally actional behaviors that the federal government will pursue through legal action and fines. It should be noted that the level of requisite integrity of constructive-dismissal claims can vary from state to state. For example, Washington extends a protected-class status to gays, lesbians, bisexual, transgender, or intersexed people, whereas Arizona extends no special class status to them. A constructive-dismissal claim due to sexual orientation in Washington would be considered; in Arizona, such a claim would not be considered. Furthermore, such a claim would face significant challenges if  appealed to federal levels, since federal laws offer no protection against discrimination based on sexual orientation (Human Rights Campaign, 2012). In addition to constructive dismissal, the ex-employee charges that the schedule change infringed on her right to practice her religion, since she believed that she was required to work on a holy day. The Title VII Act explicitly prohibits discrimation based on religious affiliation. Constructive-Dismissal Merits The ex-employee’s claim does not satisfy constructive-dismissal, disparate-impact, and discrimination prohibitions. The facts of this case clearly indicate this. Let us apply this individual’s claim to the standards required for each prohibition. First, for constructive dismissal, our company must create a hostile environment for the sole purpose of compelling the employee to quit. The ex-employee believes that the schedule adjustment, which required 12-hour days for four days a week and with three days off, created a hostile environment. This particular aspect of this individual’s claim fails this test for a few reasons: 1) Business growth motivated the schedule adjustment, not malice; 2.) the schedule adjustment applied to the most affected department, which is production, since it is tasked with keeping up with the increased demand for our products; and 3.) we provided employees of that department schedule options; we did not constrain them to work on specific days that happened to be days of observance for their religion. Considering the schedule flexibility offered, if the ex-employee worked on a holy day, it was out of choice, not compulsion on the part of our company. Another implication in the above argument is that a different department did not have its schedule adjusted. As indicated above, we adjusted the schedule for the department that is directly affected by the business growth—the production department. There is no impetus for us to adjust schedules for the human-resources department, for example. Second, for objective standards, courts have repeatedly ruled that constructive dismissal is applicable if we create an environment that is so heinous, a reasonable person would quit. I have just indicated that our schedule adjustment was motivated by business need, not malice toward a particular individual or religion. All of the other employees took advantage of the schedule opportunity offered and chose days to work that were appropriate for their needs. There have been no other complaints of being forced to work or being unable to work on a non-holy day. Based on the scenario, it would not be reasonable to quit one’s job. Third, for employer knowledge and intent, it is true that we knew that the increase in business might have caused an impact on certain employees’ lives. We proactively remedied this situation by offering such a flexible schedule, with employees making their own choice of what days they would and would not work. Employees have nearly half their workweek off. There is no reason for an individual to work on a holy day. Also, our only intent was to meet our customers’ needs, so we adjusted our business processes to effectively do so. The underlying concern is that our actions were motivated by this individual’s religion. There is no tenable evidence to support such a concern. We hire a range of people with different religious beliefs. Some are unwilling to work on Sundays. Others are unwilling to work on Saturdays. Some require prayer at various points during the day. Where reasonable, we have always provided accommodations for such observances, and we did so with our schedule adjustment. There was no targeting of any religion. There is no veracity to the ex-employee’s claims. The company must respond to these charges. It can do so in one of three ways: 1. The company can ignore the facts of this scenario and accept that the ex-employee’s claims have merit and can then move to placate the ex-employee in a few ways: a. Rehiring the ex-employee and paying her retroactive pay for the time she did not work, b. Not rehiring the ex-employee but  offering a settlement to avoid a protracted legal scenario, or c. Rehiring the ex-employee and accommodating her schedule requests (Palopoli, 2011). 2. The company can enter into arbitration with the ex-employee to discuss the facts of the scenario, with the intention of arriving at an equitable solution that will placate the concerns of the ex-employee and the company (EEOC, 2012). 3. The company can refute the charges in a court of law, especially after the findings of an investigative company effort denote no actual discrimination or the appearance of it (Cruz, Padilla, Narvae Law Firm, 2011). There are caveats to each of these responses, however. For Response 1, this action is a clear company admission of its culpability in discrimination within its organization. It is an unbalanced response, since it placates the ex-employee but tarnishes the name of the company. Furthermore, acquiescing to the ex-employee’s claims by adjusting the schedule may very well set an inappropriate expectation for other employees. An influx of schedule requests based on employees who invoke their religious preferences would thwart the purpose of the schedule request, which is to meet customer demand. For Response 2, the results of an arbitration hearing are legally binding and normally are a mitigative step against taking up the matter in a court of law. There is a likelihood, no matter how remote, that arbitration will result in our company’s acquiescing to the ex-employee’s claims. This eventuality can result in financal loss due to paying exorbitant sums to the ex-employee for what would amount to silencing her criticism of our company. Or if the results of the arbitration fall in line with the company’s wishes, the negative image that the ex-employee may generate would harm recruiting efforts of candidates or customers who increasingly place value on companies that demonstrate social responsbility toward people and its surroundings. For Response 3, the judgment in a legal case can be binding. There may be a remote possibility that our company may not vindicate itself fully in court. Because of the facts of the case, it would be reasonable to expect that our company would appeal. However, the cost to contend with the ex-employee in court may be prohibitively high. And even if our company emerges victoriously, the result would not constrain the ex-empoyee from tarnishing our company’s name in the marketplace. Based on the eventualities listed above, the viable course of action is Response 3. The actions of our company are sufficiently supported to provide a solid response in a legal setting. The likelihood of not prevailing in court is minimal. And although the opportunity cost to following this route is devoting funds unnecessarily to a baseless claim, vindication in court may very indicate to others who choose to bring dubious claims that our company will respond indignantly to these affronts to our company’s reputation. Responding to the baseless claim by pursuing the matter in court is a tenable position, since our anti-discrimination policy is clear. (In allusion to a subsequent section, the clarity of the policy does not imply that it has been adequately explained to prosepctive and current employees; a training program offered to our recruiting staff will resolve that matter.) Our greatest defense is in presenting this policy as evidence to the court. The policy clearly indicates that the company respects religion as a protected class and makes every effort to accommodate religious rites as long as they do not present an undue contravention of company operation (HR Info Center, 2009). A court-centered legal response to this claim is preferable also because of the investigative process that is extant within our anti-discrimination policy. The ex-employee did not provide our company an opportunity to investigate the claim before she resigned her position. The only indication that a problem existed was when the EEOC delivered the complaint to our company. Our investigative processes clearly demonstrate the thoroughness  and seriousness that our policy devotes to discrimination complaints. Multiple layers of leadership are involved in the process, and many employees are interviewed to determine if they shared the same sentiments. The investigative process is also confidential, and the results are shared with no entity without a need-to-know basis. Furthermore, the investigative process has corrective action built in if there is a determination of discrimination against the employee making the complaint. It also has a built-in anti-retaliation policy, regardless the result of the complaint. Our company can provide documented evidence of our response to past complaints as well as the company’s disposition toward employees after the resolution of these complaints. Demonstrating the company’s follow-through efforts that the ex-employee did not avail herself of will provide substantial support of our contention that we are committed to operating in a discrimination-free environment (Kleiner Perkins Files Legal Response To Gender Discrimination Suit, Denies â€Å"Each And Every Material Allegation, 2012). Another reason why pursuing this matter in a court of law is appropriate is that our company can demonstrate our commitment to investing in the community in which we operate, a diverse community. Our company currently provides several millions of dollars in tax revenue to the community, revenue from which all members of the community benefit. But more than tax revenue, our company provides financial support to various groups in the community: religious-based groups, gay-and-lesbian groups, black-focused groups, and women-centered groups. Our commitment to financially supporting the community is a potent response by itself to the baseless claima against us. Logically speaking, it would be nonsensical for our company to expend money for these community-focused endeavors while practicing discrimination against the very members of the groups that benefit from our financial support (Response to discrimination claims, 2007).

Presidency of James Madison

Presidency of James Madison Liliana Martinez The presidency of James Madison was one which many people have disagreeing points of view on. Some think he was not one of our greater presidents because he let the United States fall into the conflict known as the war of 1812. Others think that Madisons presidency was a good one because he led America out of the war of 1812 and united the country. The presidency of James Madison while not being one of the greatest of all the presidents was still above average as a president because of Madisons involvement as the Father of the Constitution, Federalist Papers and presidency overall. Born in 1751, Madison grew up in Orange County, Virginia. He was the oldest of 12 children, seven of whom lived to adulthood. In 1769, he attended the College of New Jersey. In 1776, he is a member and attend the Virginia Convention. From 1780-1783 he is a member of Continental Congress. Then from 1884-1886, he becomes a member of the Virginia Legislature. In 1787, he is a member of the Constitutional Convention. Then from 1789-1797 he is a member of the House of Representatives. Later in1801-1809, he is Secretary of State under Jefferson. His first term of office was in 1809. The War of 1812 was the second war for independence, the U.S vs. o Great Britain. There was later the Embargo Act of 1807, and the Bank of the United States in 1816. He became known as the Father of the Bill of Rights and he also published the Federalist Papers. He was a big help in writing the constitution, he made big contributions to help create and shape America. When the U.s faced the war of 18182, he secured U.S sovereignty for generations to come. He also became. co-Founder of the Democratic-Republican party. And in spite of obstacles, however, America had an impressive strength, particularly in its naval fleets. Little by little, they claimed victories over their opponents. Finally, in 1815, the war ended with the Treaty of Ghent. Neither parties of the war gained new territories, but many historians agree that Americans view the War of 1812 to be the second greatest war that ensured their independence. Madisons presidency ended with his retirement in 1817, when he was 65 years old. Having been such a significant persona in America, James Madison left a legacy that the country will not forget. Dozens of landmarks, towns, cities, institutions, and natural resources have been named after him. His portrait was also featured in the US $5,000 bill. But the true legacy of James Madison was the change of the course of history that millions are now benefiting from. As one of the Founding Fathers, he was part of the birth of America as a nation. As the Father of Constitution, he ensured that this nation would become whole, united, and most of all, in the hands of the people. And as a huge force behind the Bill of Rights, he empowered and inspired the people. James Madisons legacy isnt contained in the United States , they rippled throughout the world. With that, he was indeed a great President. Yes, he had both domestic and foreign policy accomplishments. His domestic accomplishments were he Co-authored the Federalist Papers and was instrumental in the drafting of the Constitution and Bill of Rights, he helped establish the Democratic-Republican Party with Jefferson, and renewed the charter for the Bank of the United States to raise funds for the War of 1812. He then had his foreign policy which was signed Macons Bill No.2, which repealed the Non-Intercourse Act and allowed French and English goods on American ships as long as trade rights were respected, led the nation into the War of 1812 after the failure of diplomatic protests and a trade embargo against Britain. Overall, the policies helped America succeed sand improve its conditions for a stronger and more reliable nation. Sources http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/james-madison https://millercenter.org/president/madison/life-before-the-presidency http://www.american-presidents-history.com/james-madison-timeline.html http://www.presidential-power.org/presidencies-timelines/james-madison-presidency-timeline.htm https://millercenter.org/president/madison/impact-and-legacy http://totallyhistory.com/james-madison/

Problems of Working Women

Problems of Working Women While discussing the issues and concerns about working women, the main emphasis should be on the opportunities for women, as it is of utmost importance. Like every human being, a woman has a natural desire for the expression of her inborn knack and abilities; even a small baby shows his natural guts through his actions and movements. So, if a woman learns something, she craves for expressing it in some way. It is quite encouraging that nowadays, women have much more opportunities and prospects for the assertion of their individuality and talents. The services sector has increased the chances for women with its comfortable environment, where they can actively participate and excel, even from a distant place. Hence, if the focus is right, this issue will, hopefully, find its way towards a positive solution. In short we need revamp in all round corners with respect to working womens lives. We need to help each other, join together in chorus to raise our issues, put them in a proposal to government for new legislations angled at improving working womens lives. 1. Introduction In India, men do not share on most of the household chores, it is women who have to cook, clean the house, do the dishes, wash clothes, get their children ready for school etc. Men just took care of few chores that are to be dealt outside the house. So the major burden of running the family is on the shoulders of women. It was alright for women to handle all the chores as long as they were homemakers. Now with their increasing need for getting some income for the family, they have to work all the more harder. They have to take up a 9 to 5 job plus handle all the household chores that they handled as a homemaker. Mens role has not changed much. The status of Indian women has undergone considerable change. Though Indian women are far more independent and aware of their legal rights, such as right to work, equal treatment, property and maintenance, a majority of women remain unaware of these rights. There are other factors that affect their quality of life such as age of marriage, extent of literacy, role in the family and so on. In many families, women do not have a voice in anything while in several families; the women may have a dominating role. The result is that the empowerment of women in India is highly unbalanced and with huge gaps. Those who are economically independent and literate live the kind of life that other women tend to envy about. This disparity is also a cause for worry because balanced development is not taking place.1 2. Objectives of the study: To study the status of working women in India. To study the problems faced by working women in India 3. Scope of the study: The scope of the study is limited to the present status of working women in India 4. Review of Literature: Hate (1978) in her book stated that there is positive change in the political, economics and social status of middle class working and non-working women living in four cities in Maharashtra with the advent of independence. Robinson and Skarie (1980) in their article on stress of working women stated that in the area of stress and its relationship to locus control reveals that internally oriented individuals show less perception of role overload and role ambiguity Chandrika (1982) in her study stated that in the last decade of the 20th century the spotlight fell on various specific issues of women, these include multiple feminine identity, gender and sexuality, feminization of poverty environment and sustainable development, planning and power globalization, sex tourism, sexual harassment at work place, Dalit womens issues, tribal women and minority womens problem, womens rights as human rights, communal fascism, women and media. These yielded truly in depth analysis, studies and discussions and action programmers. Seta Vaidayalingam (1994) discussed the problem and concerns of Indian women. According to working women are subject to more explanative problems and pressures then their non- working sisters. Finding a suitable occupation in the first problem right and proceeds it and of course fighting for the right amount of education to secure a decent job, tops it all, after having completed her education when a women steps the field of vocation are not quite correct, we find to be womens staying capacity and the usual remarks is adequate. This kind of attitude spoils a womens changes at all levels and particularly in the field of self -employment with a job come other problematic situations, kinds of people at work especially men. Number of lawyers do not encourage women simply because the later to level the office at about 6 p.m. in order to reach home early despite the fact that a busy lawyers office is at its best after 6 p.m. Single working women have the accommodation problem, if working i n a city their families do not live with them. One has heard and read in the newspaper of the unfavorable conditions prevailing in hostels which in any case among to meet encouraged to need. My own mother has never done a days work despite having secured a medical education from the Madras Medical College. Let us look at some of the basic problems faced by working women in modern-day India. 5. Status of Working Women in India Status of Indian working women is far from being satisfactory.. 6. Data Analysis Interpretation Most commonly used development indicators are work and employment as an economic empowerment measure for women via-avis men, participation in Decision Making in Administrative and Political power. The status of working Indian women has been shown in Table 1 during the recent past of post independence period. From 1971-2001 the overall work participation rate for women has gone from 34.3 percent to 39.26 percent, just a marginal increase of 5 per cent over a long period of three decades. Ideal share in work participation of women should have been equal to sex ratio of women in the total population of the country. We are far away from this ideal even after 65 years of independence. Work participation in higher administrative posts is miserably low. Though there has been a cry for equal political participation for women in political decision making, barring a single exception of Womens participation in Local Self Government bodies, the rate of womens participation in state assemblies has hardly increase by .0.5 percent over the period of 15 years from 1985 to 2000 whereas the participation in MPs in Parliament has increase just by 4 per cent over a period of 20 years from 6.1 per cent to 10.1 per cent. Shall we be able to bring gender equality in near future? How long we should wait for bringing gender equality in real terms? 7. Problems of Working Women Acceptance As Working Professionals Most Indian men are yet to come to terms with the fact that women are also capable of working with them, shoulder to shoulder, in any field or professional sphere. They still visualize women as individuals who should be in charge of the kitchen and other domestic affairs. Work is either seen as a temporary evil for women whose husbands do not earn enough, or the domain of women who do not know their place. As a result, Indian working women do not get the respect they require from their male colleagues in the workplace. Balancing Work-Family Life No matter how high their position or designation is in the office, women in India are still viewed as the family manager back home. They are expected to return home at a certain time, cook, clean and take care of family affairs. In fact, men who help out around their house are often the butt of jokes by their male friends. This makes life extremely stressful for women who have little help around the house and have to do it all. Travelling For Work is Not Acceptable One of the problems faced by married working women is that they cannot travel or go on tours without having to answer uncomfortable questions by most of their friends and family. This is especially true for married women, who also have a flourishing career. Their professional obligations often depend on the support and understanding of family members. A married man can go on long official tours outside his home city, without raising eyebrows and questions from his family members and peers, but his equally-successful wife would face disapproval. As a result, women often have to opt out of jobs than involve travel or settle for not being promoted as a result. Safety Of Working Women The nosey questions factor aside, there is still the concern for safety of working women who need to travel on official business. Women travelling out of their home city for work trips are considered vulnerable and an easy target to fulfill the lewd intentions of their chauvinist male colleagues. Checking into a hotel alone is one of the problems faced by working women, even if the trip is purely official. Many hotels refuse to allot a room to a single woman (under strange pretexts) because of their own safety concerns or if a woman decides to stay alone, she is viewed with suspicion. Unequal Pay One of the raging topics of discussion in the context of problems faced by working women (not only in India, but also in many other nations) is that of equal pay. Legally, a woman is entitled to get the same salary as their male colleagues for the same kind of work done by them. However, gender discrimination is rampant as many companies still do not adhere to these guidelines and pay women less than their male colleagues. Education Though it is gradually rising, the female literacy rate in India is lower than the male literacy rate. Compared to boys, far fewer girls are enrolled in the schools, and many of them drop out. According to the National Sample Survey Data of 1997, only the states of Kerala and Mizoram have approached universal female literacy rates. According to majority of the scholars, the major factor behind the improved social and economic status of women in Kerala is literacy. Under Non-Formal Education programme (NFE), about 40 Per cent of the centers in states and 10 Per cent of the centers in UTs are exclusively reserved for females. As of 2000, about 0.3 million NFE centers were catering to about 7.42 million children, out of which about 0.12 million were exclusively for girls. In urban India, girls are nearly at par with the boys in terms of education. However, in rural India girls continue to be less educated than the boys. According to a 1998 report by U.S. Department of Commerce, the chief barrier to female education in India are inadequate school facilities (such as sanitary facilities), shortage of female teachers and gender bias in curriculum (majority of the female characters being depicted as weak and helpless). Discrimination at Workplace However, Indian women still face blatant discrimination at their workplaces. A major problem faced by the working women is sexual harassment at the work place. Further, women employees working in night shift are more vulnerable to such incidents. Nurses, for example, face this problem nearly every day. There is nothing that is done in hospitals to tackle and address the danger they face. Such blatant disregard of current Indian laws is one reason why sexual harassment at the workplace continues to increase. Also, Indian women are often deprived of promotions and growth opportunities at work places but this doesnt apply to all working women. A majority of working women continue to be denied their right to equal pay, under the Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 and are underpaid in comparison to their male colleagues. This is usually the case in factories and labor-oriented industries. Land and property rights In most Indian families, women do not own any property in their own names, and do not get a share of parental property. Due to weak enforcement of laws protecting them, women continue to have little access to land and property. In fact, some of the laws discriminate against women, when it comes to land and property rights. The Hindu personal laws of mid-1956s (applied to Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs and Jains) gave women rights to inheritance. However, the sons had an independent share in the ancestral property, while the daughters shares were based on the share received by their father. Hence, a father could effectively disinherit a daughter by renouncing his share of the ancestral property, but the son will continue to have a share in his own right. Additionally, married daughters, even those facing marital harassment, had no residential rights in the ancestral home. After amendment of Hindu laws in 2005, now women in have been provided the same status as that of men. In 1986, the Supreme Court of India ruled that Shah Bano, an old divorced Muslim woman was eligible for maintenance money. However, the decision was vociferously opposed by fundamentalist Muslim leaders, who alleged that the court was interfering in their personal law. The Union Government subsequently passed the Muslim Womens (Protection of Rights upon Divorce) Act. Similarly, the Christian women have struggled over years for equal rights of divorce and succession. In 1994, all the churches, jointly with womens organizations, drew up a draft law called the Christian Marriage and Matrimonial Causes Bill. However, the government has still not amended the relevant laws. Crimes against women Police records show high incidence of crimes against women in India. The National Crime Records Bureau reported in 1998 that the growth rate of crimes against women would be higher than the population growth rate by 2010.Earlier; many cases were not registered with the police due to the social stigma attached to rape and molestation cases. Official statistics show that there has been a dramatic increase in the number of reported crimes against women. Domestic Violence Globally, one out of every three women faces violence at the hands of their husbands, Fathers, or brothers and uncles in their homes. Domestic violence can be described as when one adult in a relationship misuses power to control another through violence and other forms of abuse. The abuser tortures and controls the victim by calculated threats, intimidation and physical violence. Although men, women and children can be abused, in most cases the victims are women. In every country where reliable, large-scale studies have been conducted, results indicate that between 16 and 52 Per cent of women have been assaulted by their husbands/partners. These studies also indicate widespread violence against women as an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Such violence may also include rape and sexual abuse. Psychological Status of Women in India: Problems and concerns 25violence includes verbal abuse, harassment, confinement and deprivation of physical, financial and personal resources. For some women emotional abuse may be more painful than physical attacks because they effectively undermine womens security and self-confidence. In India, violence within the home is universal across culture, religion, class and ethnicity. The abuse is generally condoned by social custom and considered a part and parcel of marital life. Statistics reveal a grim picture of domestic violence in India. The National Crimes Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India reports a shocking 71.5 Per cent increase in instances of torture and dowry deaths during the period from 1991 to 1995. Dowry Another serious issue in modern India is Courts are flooded with cases related to death due to dowry harassment by husband and in laws. In ancient times women were given Stridhan when they departed from the house of their parents. This amount of money was given to her as a gift which she can use on her and her children but her in-laws did not have any right on that amount. This amount was supposed to help the girl in time of need. Slowly this tradition became obligatory and took the form of dowry. Nowadays parents have to give hefty amount in dowry, the in laws of their girl are not concerned whether they can afford it or not. If a girl brings large amount of dowry she is given respect and is treated well in her new home and if she does not bring dowry according to expectations of her in laws then she has to suffer harassment. Due to this evil practice many newly wed women of India have to lose their lives. 8. Conclusion: Thus, while discussing the issues and concerns about working women, the main emphasis should be on the opportunities for women, as it is of utmost importance. Like every human being, a woman has a natural desire for the expression of her inborn knack and abilities; even a small baby shows his natural guts through his actions and movements. So, if a woman learns something, she craves for expressing it in some way. It is quite encouraging that nowadays, women have much more opportunities and prospects for the assertion of their individuality and talents. The services sector has increased the chances for women with its comfortable environment, where they can actively participate and excel, even from a distant place. Hence, if the focus is right, this issue will, hopefully, find its way towards a positive solution. In short we need revamp in all round corners with respect to working womens lives. We need to help each other, join together in chorus to raise our issues, put them in a proposal to government for new legislations angled at improving working womens lives. A couple of visibly clear steps the government can take to improving working womens lives are: Give higher interest in all bank deposits to women Give 30-50 Per cent discount in all Rail/bus/plane fares to women Legislate strict laws against sexual harassment in offices Setup special courts for handling complaints of working women against their employers Legislate leeway for special leaves needed by working women Legislate laws to curb inequality

Free Essays: Imagery in Ghost House :: Ghost House Essays

Imagery in Ghost House    Robert Lee Frost was born on Mars 26th 1874 in San Francisco and he died in Boston, January 29th 1963. Frost was greatly influenced by his move to New England at the age of 11, his move to England when he was 37, and then his return to New Hampshire a couple of years later. These periods can be seen in his poetry. His poems about life and death made him one of the best-known poets of 20th century and he won many literary prizes, including four Pulitzer Prizes. Frost wrote poems whose philosophical dimensions transcend any region. Although his verse forms are traditional, he was a pioneer in the interplay of rhythm and in the poetic use of the vocabulary and inflections of everyday speech. His poetry is both traditional and experimental, regional and universal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The main reason why I chose Robert Frost’s poem is because his poems are pretty simple and easy to understand. The poem I picked for this analysis, â€Å"Ghost House†, is an extremely descriptive poem illustrating an old haunted house. The imagery in â€Å"Ghost House† is marvelous. This poem allows the reader to see the house as if they were standing on the front porch.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   You can picture an old decrepit house, covered with vines and wild raspberries. There is a dying tree in the front yard with only one live branch on it. Underneath the tree there are two gravestones so covered in moss that the names cannot be deciphered. Right next to the gravestones is a ghostly couple standing middle of mist absolutely still and silent. On the front porch the current owner stands frozen, half by fear and half by curiosity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The poem is told through the eyes of the current resident of the house. The owner scared of his uninvited company. However, the owner’s opinion of the couple seems to change towards the end of the poem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The theme of â€Å"Ghost House† seems to be that love can survive anything, even when the body does not. Although the couple has passed away they still remain together. Another theme in this poem could be not to judge a book by its cover. At first the house’s owner seems to fear the ghosts, but he eventually comes to respect the bond that they still share.

Essay example --

Aristotle and Niccolà ² Machiavelli were two great minds from completely different times, both having rather different views on the world, that touched on many similar points throughout their respective works Politics and Machiavelli’s various writings. This occurred because Machiavelli was illustrating his positions directly against Aristotle’s theories, which allows for an interesting comparison between the two’s opinions on a variety of issues. While Politics is more of a discussion for the populous and The Prince was specifically made as a sort of guidebook for the future ruling class, they can still be compared based upon their similar topics of discussion regarding political goals and the opposing points that need to be avoided. This combined with The Discourses, which was an analysis of the Roman republic and why it was so successful, provide a rather comprehensive view of Machiavelli’s core beliefs. The concept of differing worldviews is key to u nderstanding the similarities and differences between the two as they come from very different basic places of opinion when regarding the overall goal of politics. Aristotle came from a position of lofty, boarding on impractical, goals with the effort of creating the concept of the good life for its citizens, in which they could expand and flourish. Machiavelli on the other hand worked on a much more practical scale of thought, focusing on concepts of gaining power, and control, while maintaining stability as the main goals of participating in politics. Both however stated a vast array of necessary requirements for achieving the best political scenario along with opposing points to avoid, and in turn theories on how to distinguish between the two. In this paper, these two great poli... ...nd goals a governing body can hope to achieve, asking the individual to question how they are being governed and how the system around them can be improved. They also however provide guidelines for how to govern one’s self, and legitimate goals that an individual should strive to achieve, not just goals for the governing body over top of them. From these two theories, an individual should be able to learn how to better govern their soul and identify how best to serve themselves throughout life. No one theorist is ultimately ‘better’ then the other therefore because of this, as they both gain significant merit in the debate that they open up to their audiences. Their timeless core theories will remain with society forever as there will always be some form of governance, and their theories can fit so many scenarios throughout life. Sources:

Childrens Books and Popular Myths about the First Wave of Feminism :: Essays Papers

Children's Books and Popular Myths about the First Wave of Feminism What is the First Wave (1) of Feminism? How is it portrayed as a â€Å"suffrage† movement? Does the average study of First Wave feminism look at issues outside of suffrage: consent laws, marital rape, education, women’s right to own property, divorce rights, and so on? I wanted to look at the portrayal of the â€Å"heroes† of the first wave – Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony – as well the movement itself, through books aimed at children. Children’s books seem like an obvious way to look at how the movement is popularly seen and understood. If we set aside condescending ideas of needing to â€Å"dumb down† ideas to introduce them to children, or needing figures to be purely heroic. Then, we assume that most people, who do not actively pursue it later in life, receive the bulk of their information on the First Wave of feminism from kindergarten through high school history education. The Book Choosing Process The sources cover a variety of age ranges and publishers. There was no science in the selection, they were simply the easiest to find at the downtown public library in Syracuse, New York (2), which to me indicates they are the most likely to be picked up by a student doing a report or reading for enjoyment. The sources are not supposed to represent the â€Å"worst† by any standards – they are children's history books, all of which do in depth studies of suffrage. These are not coloring books or propaganda, which, perhaps, is why the information is so dangerous. Brill, Marlene Targ. Let Women Vote! Brookfield: Millbrook, 1996. (aimed at ages 9-12), Davis, Lucille. Susan B. Anthony. Mankato: Bridgestone, 1998. (aimed at ages 4-8), Nash, Carol Rust. The Fight For Women’s Right To Vote in American History. Springfield: Enslow, 1998. (aimed at ages 9-12) Parker, Barbara Keevil. Susan B. Anthony: Daring to Vote. Brookfield: Millbrook, 1998. (aimed at ages 4-8) Five Major Questionable Facts About the First Wave in Children’s History Books 1. Women Asked For Rights. â€Å"This cartoon shows Elizabeth [Cady Stanton] speaking to the New York legislature. She asked [emphasis added] legislators to give women equal rights.† (Davis) 2. Susan B. Anthony Is the First Wave of Feminism. â€Å"Susan had prepared other women to work for women’s rights. They took up the fight. In 1920, the 19th amendment was passed. Many people called this law the Susan B.

Ways Language To Create Meaning In Dubliners English Literature Essay

The cliches meaning and value as cliche depends on our acknowledging both its perfect imitation, its exact repeat, of the old happenings of its ain words ( to be a cliche , it must be quotable word for word ) and its difference from other possible words that could replace it[ 1 ] Harold F. Mosher Jr defines the importance of cliches and the importance of repeat in a similar manner. He highlights the importance of cliches to ‘perfectly copy ‘ predating events through the usage of repeat. The utilizations of repeat and the significance of words and phrases to copy these predating events will be explored in this essay. The subject of flight is shown in assorted narratives in Dubliners. In ‘The Sisters ‘ , the priest foresees he is ‘not long for this universe ‘ and this persists in Eliza ‘s statement: ‘he ‘s gone to a better universe ‘ and the male childs uncle ‘s recollection that the priest ‘had a great wish ‘ for the male child. In ‘The Dead ‘ , Gabriel wants to go forth ‘on his journey due west ‘ . The repeat of the noun ‘world ‘ suggests an alternate universe the characters wish they can get away to when they die. This alternate universe can be seen as Eden, which the priest ‘wishes ‘ for the male child through priesthood in ‘The Sisters ‘ . The noun ‘journey ‘ in ‘The Dead ‘ may be interpreted to intend a ‘journey ‘ in the way of decease. Escape through matrimony is satirised in ‘A Small Cloud ‘ by Gallaher ‘s statement to Chandler for holding ‘tasted the joys of continual cloud nine ‘ . Gallaher ‘s statement is sarcastic as his passion in life is clear in his comment: ‘I mean to get married money ‘ . The vowel rhyme in this short sentence makes it memorable. Gallaher advises Chandler to ‘go away ‘ ‘to London or Paris ‘ . Here, the flight is non to an alternate universe but to another portion of the universe where he can review and happen amusement in the ‘Moulin Rouge ‘ or ‘Bohemian coffeehouse ‘ . However, Chandler does non experience comfy in come ining Corless ‘s saloon as he feels an ‘agitation ‘ about ‘overmaster [ ing ] ‘ him for the ‘adventure of run intoing Gallaher ‘ or to ‘escape from his small house ‘ or ‘to unrecorded courageously like Gallaher. Ã¢â‚¬Ë œ The contrast of the adjectives ‘little ‘ and ‘bravely ‘ reflect the difference of provinces of head of the two characters. Chandler views himself as ‘little ‘ look up toing Gallaher ‘s bravery but feels ‘agitation ‘ because of the ‘adventure ‘ . This agitation reveals the battle a individual must see in order to get away the province they are in. Irony is shown in Chandler ‘s flight to London with ‘his travelled air, his well-cut tweed suit and unafraid speech pattern ‘ in contrast to the ‘signs of future illustriousness ‘ through his imbibing and borrowing money. The positive linguistic communication ‘well-cut ‘ ‘fearless ‘ and ‘greatness ‘ creates a dark tone to the narrative as the contrast highlights the darkness of his province. One of the most prevailing and well-known motives in Dubliners is the empty promise of flight with its subsequent defeat. Though this motive is frequently repeated in many different signifiers, the act of get awaying the Dublin status in an effort to alter one ‘s life is rarely, if of all time, accomplished by the chief characters. ( Bosinelli and Mosher, p54 ) Irony is besides shown in the cultural cliche ‘s in Dubliners. Gallagher ‘s advice to Chandler to get away ennui is through ‘rich Jewesses ‘ in the signifier of ‘dark Oriental eyesaˆÂ ¦fullaˆÂ ¦of passion, of juicy hankering ‘ . The attractive adult female at the saloon in ‘Counterparts ‘ has ‘large dark brown eyes ‘ and Micheal Furey in ‘The Dead ‘ has ‘big dark eyes ‘ . The perennial adjectival ‘dark ‘ emphasises the enigma of ‘Oriental ‘ adult females and ‘big ‘ is besides repeated to reflect the size of difference between the metropolis of Dublin and the flight of an ‘Oriental ‘ topographic point, off from Dublin. The words ‘full ‘ and ‘passion ‘ contrast the empty, passionless life Chandler lives and its attractive force is further emphasised by his ‘longing ‘ for a ‘voluptuous ‘ adult female . Besides, it is dry Chandler wishes his name was more ‘Irish-looking ‘ or if he could do a ‘melancholy tone ‘ or ‘The Gaelic note ‘ which is repeated, but admires the English poet, Lord Byron ‘s verse form ‘ ‘Hushed are the winds'-whose romantic melancholy and linguistic communication have surely become cliches in early twentieth-century Dublin. ‘ ( Bosinelli and Mosher p.56 ) Assorted subjects in Dubliners show cliched linguistic communication. The subject of faith is shown in ‘The Sisters ‘ : ‘God have mercy on his psyche ‘ and ‘he ‘s gone to a better universe ‘ . God is believed to be merciful for the psyche of the dead and the ‘better universe ‘ refers to heaven. The subject of money is shown in different manners in ‘After the Race ‘ : ‘to drama fast and loose ‘ and ‘pots of money ‘ . To play ‘fast and loose ‘ refers to the insignificance of losing money as it is done with velocity and without vacillation while the high significance of money is shown by the sum described through the hyperbole ‘pots ‘ . The subject of drink is shown in different ways in ‘Counterparts ‘ : ‘naming their toxicants ‘ and ‘one small tincture ‘ Drink is shown as ‘poison ‘ which is deadly to a human organic structure but it is contrasted with the undistinguished ‘little tincture ‘ shown in another portion of the narrative. The action in the narratives mirror well-known cliches. In ‘An Encounter, ‘ the male child ‘s fancy for the coloring material green articulation with the empty field mirrors the phrase ‘greener grazing lands over yonder. ‘ In ‘After the Race, ‘ Jimmy ‘s hard place in the back place of the auto and his eventual persecution reflects the look ‘to be taken for a drive. ‘ In ‘The Boarding House, ‘ seductive Polly and persecuted Mr. Doran ‘s prevarication in bed implies ‘you ‘ve made your bed ; now lie in it. ‘ In ‘A Painful Case, ‘ Mr. Duffy ‘s delayed guilt for enduring the loss of Mrs. Sinico might be thought to be an dry dramatisation of the cliched phrase ‘absence makes the bosom grow fonder. ‘ The exasperation of Mrs. Kearney at the terminal of ‘A Mother ‘ could be the dry effect of the stating ‘mother knows best. ‘ ‘The more one thinks of the action of the narratives, the more easy cliches come to mind, merely as the more closely one examines the text of Dubliners, the more apparent go the cliches. ‘ ( Bosinelli and Mosher, p.56 ) The rubric ‘A Little Cloud ‘ is connected to the cliche ‘every cloud has a Ag liner ‘ . This ‘silver run alonging ‘ represents hope of flight of the province Chandler is in by going every bit celebrated as a poet. The word ‘silver ‘ indicates money. The sarcasm of both Chandler ‘s and Gallaher ‘s state of affairss is truly a perennial sarcasm as the significance of the cliche evolves into a dual sarcasm from what appears to be an original metaphor, to the empty cliche , to a new significance created by the cliche become metaphor in its context. ( Bosinelli and Mosher, p.57 ) Therefore, the significance of cliche ‘s enhances the readers apprehension of the action of the narratives which reflect mundane life. We learn of Chandler ‘s character that he is a down pessimist: He watched the scene and idea of life ; and ( as ever happened when he thought of life ) he became sad. A soft melancholy took ownership of him. He felt how useless it was to fight against luck, this being the load of wisdom which the ages had bequeathed him. The image of Chandler watching the scene and reflecting brings a arrest to the action of the narrative. The words ‘always ‘ and ‘ages ‘ imply his depression is insistent merely as the look ‘thought of life ‘ is repeated. The adjectival ‘sad ‘ is besides repeated through the adjectival ‘melancholy ‘ to underscore his life ‘s dull modus operandi. The adjectival ‘gentle ‘ is dry as his ‘melancholy ‘ is rough because it takes ‘possession of him ‘ . The noun ‘possession ‘ is striking as it implies his province of depression takes entire control over him and the uninterrupted depression is hard to interrupt out of as he feels how ‘useless it was to fight against luck ‘ . The noun ‘wisdom ‘ is satirised as it is normally understood that wisdom is helpful in life but in his instance it is a ‘burden ‘ . On the other manus, Chandler ‘s character can be seen as optimistic at times. Chandler says about his authorship that it is ‘a melancholy tempered by returns of religion and surrender and simple joy ‘ . His unhappiness is toned down by positive emotions such as ‘faith ‘ and ‘joy ‘ . The adjectival ‘melancholy ‘ is repeated three times in the same paragraph and twice at the terminal of the narrative when Chandler reflects on Byron ‘s poesy. However, when Chandler hears the kid ‘s weeping, his pessimism returns. The word ‘useless ‘ is repeated three times in three lines and the statement ‘He was a captive for life ‘ is flooring. Chandler ‘s idea turns from desperation to a hope in authorship and back once more to desperation, but throughout, banal linguistic communication and repeat render his committedness to any stance unconvincing. This ultimate deficiency of dedication is the increase of significance that the permeant cliche and repeat spread in retrospect, if non at first, over all the action. The drawn-out metaphor of desperation is shown through the repeating deficiency of assurance in Chandler. His imbalanced province is revealed in this uninterrupted cliched rhythm of hope, deficiency of hope so trust once more. There is a dual sarcasm in Gallaher ‘s assorted mentalities. He uses cliched linguistic communication: ‘I ‘m traveling to hold my crack foremost and see a spot of life and the universe before I put my caput in the poke ‘ . The sarcasm is shown when Gallaher repeatedly congratulates Chandler for ‘putting his caput in the poke ‘ , guaranting Chandler that Gallaher ‘s ‘best wants ‘ are those of a ‘sincere friend ‘ . The look ‘head in the poke ‘ creates an image of suffocation- Gallaher ‘s metaphor for matrimony. Chandler ‘s state of affairs is mocked through Gallaher ‘s bogus ‘best wants ‘ . ‘Gallaher ‘s impermanent enthusiasm for ( Chandler ‘s ) married life is so made to look insincere by his naming that life ‘stale'aˆÂ ¦The words are filled with significance and so emptied by contradictory 1s or banal linguistic communication in one dry bend after a nother. ‘ ( Bosinelli and Mosher p.58 ) Cliched linguistic communication can be made undistinguished by dry irony. The subject of money takes a darker tone in Chandlers position. He calls the furniture ‘mean ‘ and ‘pretty ‘ connoting money is attractive but unkind. He repeats these adjectives in depicting his married woman ‘s eyes. Chandler ‘s emptiness is emphasised as he reads poetry more than writes it. Chandler ‘repeated lines to himself and this consoled him. ‘ The ‘repeated lines ‘ mirror the repeated ‘sobbing ‘ in the narrative through the equivalent word ‘cry ‘ and ‘scream ‘ and the adjectival ‘little ‘ is repeated in the rubric ‘A Little Cloud ‘ and Chandlers name has the label ‘Little ‘ . The adjective is besides repeated in ‘Ivy Day in the Committee Room ‘ 14 times. But Chandler ‘s name, we recall, carries with it the epithet ‘Little ‘ , and his littleness of spirit and achievement and defeated promise for the hereafter are reiterated like a chorus at the terminal of the narrative by the married woman ‘s application of the adjectival both literally and figuratively ( therefore in consequence duplicating the repeat ) to the little and unfortunate kid, making an dry comparing to the male parent. ( Bosinelli and Mosher, p. 59 ) Repeats of words carry significance of actual and nonliteral significances. There are repeats in Dubliners which have topical worth. For illustration, in ‘Counterparts ‘ , the subject of choler is transferred from ‘furiously ‘ to ‘furious ‘ to ‘Blast him ‘ to ‘rage ‘ , to ‘Blast it ‘ to ‘enraged ‘ to ‘revel in force ‘ to ‘bitter and violent ‘ and at the terminal ‘fury ‘ and ‘furiously ‘ . The short and long words create a musical balance with the sound of the words changing. The perennial adverb ‘furiously ‘ contrasts the short words ‘furious ‘ and ‘fury ‘ adding to the beat of the three syllable sentences ‘revel in force ‘ and ‘bitter and violent ‘ . The noun ‘thirst ‘ is besides repeated to reflect his imbibing wonts. Here, so, is a series of perennial words and equivalent word that turns back upon itself, leads nowhere, and as such is a metonymy for Farrington ‘s repetitive occupation and the barbarous disk shape of his life: he works at copying and recopying the same words in order to gain money to still his thirst ( that is, acquire rummy ) but is still thirsty ( that is, he does non acquire rummy ) and must get down all over once more the following twenty-four hours to copy in order to gain money in order to acquire rummy. ( Bosinelli and Mosher, p. 60 ) The repeat of words mirrors the characters insistent life style. The subject of choler connects to the subject of darkness as Farrington is described as ‘dark wine-coloured ‘ and the noun ‘darkness ‘ is repeated in the narrative. Darkness is shown in other narratives in Dubliners such as ‘The Sisters ‘ through the 'empty hearth ‘ . The apposition of ‘dark wine-coloured ‘ high spots the darkness of Farrington ‘s alcoholic job. Besides, the emptiness of the hearth in ‘The Sisters ‘ mirrors the darkness of the narrative. Harold F. Mosher Jr describes darkness ‘as a scene and general status in the universe of DublinersaˆÂ ¦ ‘ ( Bosinelli and Mosher, p.60 ) Again, the repeat of words mirrors the drawn-out metaphor which runs throughout Dubliners. The subject of visible radiation is shown in ‘The Dead ‘ as Gabriel ‘s ‘tender fires ‘ is repeated as ‘tender fire ‘ and ‘tender joy ‘ . Besides, Gabriel ‘s ‘dull fires of his lecherousness [ which ] began to turn angrily ‘ reverberations Farrington ‘s state of affairs as the ‘dull fire ‘ could be interpreted as alcohol- a fire he ‘lusts ‘ for which ‘grows angrily ‘ into a dull stoping. Light is shown in a different manner through the character of Gretta as she is described with ‘colour on her cheeks ‘ , ‘rich bronze of her hair ‘ and ‘shining ‘ eyes. Light is shown through the adjectives of the Sun such as ‘bronze ‘ and ‘shining ‘ . The images of light present new hope for their Gabriel and Gretta ‘s relation. Ironically, Gabriel moves from this visible radiation to the darkness outside to the muted visible radiation of the hotel room with his dull lecherousness and choler at the minute when, eventually, visible radiation in a nonliteral sense mornings on him about his relation to Gretta ( as visible radiation mornings partly on Jimmy in ‘After the Race ‘ after the dark of losing money. Subjects are repeated in different signifiers to reflect the state of affairs ‘s of the narratives. There are many contrasts in ‘A Little Cloud ‘ as Chandler feels ‘acutely the contrast between his ain life and his friend ‘s ‘ . Contrasts are besides seen in the scene of the narrative: ‘kindly aureate dust, ‘ ‘gentle melancholy ‘ and ‘golden sundown ‘ . The contrast ‘golden dust ‘ mirrors the apposition ‘dull fire ‘ seen in ‘The Dead ‘ . Here ‘kindly ‘ and ‘gentle ‘ brace away, as does the repeat of ‘golden, ‘ and therefore ‘dust, ‘ ‘melancholy, ‘ and ‘sunset ‘ associate with each other and with the other repeats of ‘melancholy ‘ later in the narrative as indexs of Chandler ‘s province of head and peculiarly of his attitude toward poesy and the possibility it offers for flight from his ‘sober unartistic life ‘ . ( Bosinelli and Mosher, p.61 ) The map of repeat and contrasts has topical significance to exhibit the characters aggravated state of affairs and the emphatic want to fly from their exasperation. The map of cliche ‘s augments the reader ‘s cognition of the action of the narratives which mirror day-to-day life. Cliched words can be made unimportant by dry irony. Repeats of words bear importance of factual and metaphorical significances. The repeat of words reflects the characters repeating life style.